CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors.

Syntax

The syntax of pseudo-elements:

selector:pseudo-element {property: value}

CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-elements:

selector.class:pseudo-element {property: value}

The :first-line Pseudo-element

The "first-line" pseudo-element is used to add special styles to the first line of the text in a selector:

p:first-line {color:#0000ff;font-variant:small-caps}
<p>Some text that ends up on two or more lines</p>

The output could be something like this:

Some text that ends
up on two or more lines

In the example above the browser displays the first line formatted according to the "first-line" pseudo element. Where the browser breaks the line depends on the size of the browser window.

Note: The "first-line" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements.

Note: The following properties apply to the "first-line" pseudo-element: 

• font properties
• color properties 
• background properties
• word-spacing
• letter-spacing
• text-decoration
• vertical-align
• text-transform
• line-height
• clear

The :first-letter Pseudo-element

The "first-letter" pseudo-element is used to add special style to the first letter of the text in a selector:

p:first-letter {color:#ff0000;font-size:xx-large}
<p>The first words of an article...</p>

The output could be something like this:

The first words of an article...

Note: The "first-letter" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements.

Note: The following properties apply to the "first-letter" pseudo- element: 

• font properties
• color properties 
• background properties
• margin properties
• padding properties
• border properties
• text-decoration
• vertical-align (only if 'float' is 'none')
• text-transform
• line-height
• float
• clear

Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes

Pseudo-elements can be combined with CSS classes:

p.article:first-letter {color:#ff0000}
<p class="article">A paragraph in an article</p>

The example above will make the first letter of all paragraphs with class="article" red.

Multiple Pseudo-elements

Several pseudo-elements can be combined:

p:first-letter {color:#ff0000;font-size:xx-large}
p:first-line {color:#0000ff}
<p>The first words of an article...</p>

The output could be something like this:

The first
words of an
article...

In the example above the first letter of the paragraph will be red with a font size of 24pt. The rest of the first line would be blue while the rest of the paragraph would be the default color.

CSS2 - The :before Pseudo-element

The ":before" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an element.

The style below will play a sound before each occurrence of an <h1> element:

h1:before
{
content: url(beep.wav)
}

CSS2 - The :after Pseudo-element

The ":after" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content the content of an element.

The style below will play a sound after each occurrence of an <h1> element:

h1:after
{
content: url(beep.wav)
}

Pseudo-elements

Browser support: IE: Internet Explorer, F: Firefox, N: Netscape.

PHPGURU: The number in the "PHPGURU" column indicates in which CSS recommendation the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).

Examples

Make the first letter special
This example demonstrates how to add a special effect to the first letter of a text.

Make the first line special
This example demonstrates how to add a special effect to the first line of a text.

Make the first letter and first line special
This example demonstrates how to add a special effect to the first letter and the first line of a text.

Use :before to insert some content before the content of an element (Does not work in IE)
This example demonstrates how to use the :before pseudo-element to insert an image before an element.

Use :after to insert some content after the content of an element (Does not work in IE)
This example demonstrates how to use the :after pseudo-element to insert an image after an element.

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